Unveiling the Art of Bronze Fabrication in Modern Metal Fabrication

While bronze fabrication may seem relatively modern, it has its origins in ancient craft, which slowly changed due to the mixture of old and new techniques and artistry. This alloy primarily consists of copper, and tin is as old as the civilization itself, for it forms the basis of metallurgy, sculptures, architecture, and tools. It is a capital bronze fabrication that aids modern metalworking by producing exquisite and durable pieces full of elegance and functionality. In this post, we will discuss methods of working with bronze, advanced techniques, technological innovations, and the continued fascination with bronze. This guide aims to broaden the understanding of contemporary bronze craftsmanship for professionals in the field and those interested in the crossover of engineering and art.

What are the Fabrication Methods for Bronze?

Methods of bronze fabrication include these processes, each applicable to different targets and results:

1. Casting – The most popular method where liquid bronze is poured into molds to form detailed and intricate shapes. Types include investment and sand casting.
2. Forging – Involves bronze being heated to a workable temperature and shaped under pressure to increase strength and durability.
3. Machining – Involves the use of powerful tools to cut, shape, or drill holes onto bronze. It is usually reserved for workpieces with very low tolerances.
4. Welding – Heat is used to join separate bronze pieces using filler material, performed most often for repairs and construction.

All industrial and artistic pieces produced from bronze demonstrate the significant properties of the material.

Exploring Sheet Metal Fabrication Techniques

The construction of components such as chassis or brackets for products like enclosures or cabinets, which are made from flat sheets of metal, is considered as part of the fabrication technology of sheet metal. Over the years, the addition of new materials and tools has brought a remarkable change in metalworking, so as technologies for in-process quality control. These are some of the most important methods for fabrication of sheet metals.

Cutting

Cutting is a broad category of procedures that involve the subdivision of business objects into a multitude of pieces through different methods like laser, plasma, or waterjet cutting. Out of all techniques, it appears that laser cutting ranks supreme with precision levels reaching up to ±0.1mm. Backed by aid of precision power beam units enables one to effortlessly slice pointless holes through stainless steel, aluminum and even carbon steel. To top it all, the resulting metallic edges are smoother than silk.

Bending

Specialized machines like press brakes are used to perform machining actions on metals that are meant to achieve an angular or curved appropriate form at a defined radius. Advances in the field of machinery possibly most noticeably occur in the field of CNC (computer numerically controlled) equipment. Data indicates that such machines can perform bend tolerances of ±0.2 mm.

Stamping

Stamping refers to the forming of metal sheets into constituent shapes like brackets or casings using a die. Parts can be made at higher speeds with progressive die stamping owing to its ability to produce complex components. Today’s modern stamping machines can achieve stroke rates of over 1,000 a minute which is remarkably productive.

Welding and Fastening

Sheet metal parts are welded together with TIG and MIG welding with an assurance of strength and durability. In cases where welding is not an option, a more appropriate solution is mechanical fastening with rivets or bolts that hold the parts together without destroying the material.

Finishing

Parts that have been fabricated also require finishing processes like powder coating, sanding and polishing that improves the part’s aesthetic and strength. One of the frequently used methods for anti corrosion purposes is powder coating which if done can enable steel parts to last up to 20 years even in the most extreme environments.

The fabrication of sheet metal is being transformed by the use of automation technology and Industry 4.0. Faster prototyping and less errors in production are made possible with robotic systems that are fitted with CAD/CAM software. Additionally, the use of new materials like high strength alloys and composites makes it possible to make durable, lightweight designs that are needed in the automotive, aerospace and construction industries.

With the adoption of these techniques, sheet metal fabrication still produces custom-crafted parts for various industrial and commercial uses.

The Role of Weld and Machine Processes

For the accurate and strong fabrication of metal parts, weld and machine processes are critically important. In manufacturing, MIG and TIG welding, along with spot welding, create long-lasting, cross-functional joints. Machining operations such as milling and turning create accurate outlines and smooth surfaces on metal components. These processes improve productivity and precision in meeting industry standards for quality in automotive, aerospace, construction, and other fields.

Understanding the Bronze Fabrication Process

Bronze fabrication encompasses a group of specific processes for shaping and forming the alloy. Initially, I concentrated on evenly melting the bronze in a controlled setting. I then pour the molten bronze into molds for form creation while ensuring optimal accuracy and defect minimization. After undergoing cooling, I further refine the surfaces during machining or grinding processes, maintaining strict adherence to requirements. Throughout each phase, measures are taken to guarantee the product’s functional and aesthetic success.

Why is Bronze Important in Metal Fabrication?

Characteristics of Bronze Material

Because of this, bronze is one of the most renowned materials in metal fabrication. It possesses a unique combination of advantageous features. The key properties of bronze include:

• Resistance to Corrosion: Bronze’s resistance to corrosion is along the highest tiers (especially with seawater), making it a must-have for marine applications or other areas that are subject to moisture and chemicals.
• Bronze has high ductility: While being both hard and durable, bronze is also very ductile, which means that it can be easily shaped or molded during the fabrication process.
• Friction: It is inherently low friction. For this reason, bronze is preferred in bearings, bushings and components where reliable and frictionless operation is a must.
• Conductivity: Bronze is thermal and electrically conductive, making it even more useful for electrical connectors, heat exchangers, and industrial machinery.
• Wear Resistance: In comparison to pure copper, bronze is relatively softer but, in turn, has greater durability and resistance to damage from abrasion, making bronze undeniably suitable to be made into tools, gears, and parts for machines.
• Antibacterial Properties: Its use in medical equipment is extraordinary as bronze surface treatment helps in repelling bacteria and viruses due to its added antimicrobial properties conferred by its copper content.
• Appearance: In art and architecture, bronze captivates audiences with its reddish-brown color and natural patina. Its classic and beautiful appearance make it ideal with sculpted bronze objects.
• Density: Supporting its use in various structures, bronze has a density of 7.4 to 8.9 g/cm3, depending on the alloy blend, making it strong and durable.
• Melting Point: Withstanding high temperatures, bronze has a stable melting point of 950°C to 1050°C, making it dependable for high-temperature uses.
• Alloy Versatility: The main constituents of bronze are copper (around 80-90%) and tin (5-20%), but aluminum, nickel, and phosphorus can be added to change their mechanical and chemical properties for bronzes with specific needs.

These attributes contribute to the extensive use of bronze as a dependable and flexible material, not only in engineering and architecture, but also in the marine industry and in art.

Advantages of Using Bronze in Various Metal Products

• Corrosion Resistance: Bronze fundamentally boasts astounding resistance to corrosion, especially in sea water which makes it widely used in ship propellers, marine fittings, underwater bearings, and even for bronze sculptures. Research suggests that bronze is able to sustain its structural integrity in saline conditions for decades.
• High Ductility and Malleability: Another key feature of bronze is that it is highly malleable and ductile, which allows complex designs to be manufactured without bronze breaking apart. As a result, bronze is widely used for ornamental decorative sculptures, components, and intricate bronze sculptural elements.
• Thermal and Electrical Conductivity: Bronze also has strong thermal and electrical conductivity, leading to bronze being widely used in electrical connectors and even in industrial machinery for the efficient transfer of heat and in the enameling of bronze heat exchangers.
• Wear Resistance: Bronze can also withstand a lot of shear forces which makes it suitable for extreme applications like in oil bushings, gears, and bearings in heavy equipment. Bronze has a low coefficient of friction which gives it high resistance to abrasion, making it useful in applications where high durability is needed.
• Anti-Microbial Properties: Some high copper bronze alloys exhibit natural anti-microbial properties, making bronze alloys very useful in the production of touch surfaces, such as door handles, railings and other surfaces that are frequently used in public or healthcare settings.
• Aesthetic Qualities: Bronze is preferred for ornate statues, sculptures, and architecture because of its distinct color and the patina it develops over time.
• Longevity and Reliability: Bronze components have a longer useful life than those made from other metals and, therefore, need to be replaced less frequently. This feature saves money in applications that require long-term durability.

These, alongside the material’s versatility in different environments and applications, reconfirm bronze as a fundamental material in the production of various metal products.

Bronze’s Role in Bronze Parts Production

The breadth of industries that utilize bronze is staggering, primarily because of its unique chemical and mechanical properties. Bronze remains at the forefront of materials used for industrial components, with modern-day industries leaning towards their use in marine engineering, aerospace, and heavy machinery. Marine industries are especially dependent on bronze alloys because they contain constituents around 88% copper and 12% tin bronze due to their resistance to corrosion and durability. Their indispensability to marine propellers, bearings, and ship fittings is crucial due to their unique ability to resist corrosion, especially in saltwater regions.

The aerospace industry is also able to make use of alloys with a combination of high tensile strength and resistance to wear, as bronze exhibits exceptional characteristics. Under extremely high load and high-temperature conditions, bronze bearings and bushings maintain safe and efficient operational performance. They are often used in high mountainous regions due to their inability to maintain stress levels upwards: research has shown that bronze alloys used in aerospace can endure up to 35,000 psi of stress, proving to be ideal for such demanding applications.

The efficient and precise production of bronze components has become possible because of advancements in manufacturing processes like precision casting and CNC machining. They yield less material waste and enhance the accuracy of produced parts’ measurements, which is important for modern industries. Also, the use of recycled bronze for bronze components met sustainable manufacturing practices by decreasing mined raw materials and associated carbon emissions, complying with worldwide environmental objectives.

Thus, bronze illustrates how materials can be relevant in manufacturing by performing different functions while simultaneously being affordable and dependable.

How Does Copper Fabrication Relate to Bronze?

Comparing Copper and Bronze Alloy

Both bronze and copper alloys are extensively used in manufacturing, but they have large differences in their makeup and characteristics. In most cases, Copper is a pure metal with excellent conductivity and is easily malleable. On the contrary, bronze is an alloy containing primary portions of both copper and tin while having traces of other elements like Aluminum or Nickel, which serve the purpose of adding to its strength or corrosion resistance. Generally, bronze is harder and more durable than copper, making it applicable to areas where strength and resistance to wear and tear are crucial. Copper is suited for electrical parts, while bronze works better for tools, bearings, and structural parts. Each material has its own unique uses that fit them best.

The Impact of Brass and Tin in Alloy Creation

Alloy development relies on brass and tin due to their unique properties and diversity. Brass is an alloy made from copper and zinc, which is malleable and resistant to corrosion while aesthetically attractive, making it widely adopted in the manufacture of musical instruments, plumbing decorative items, and even parts. In addition, its excellent machinability and ease of casting greatly extend its industrial application, especially in precision components.

Due to its capacity to enhance pliability and resistance to corrosion, tin is an important component in the production of alloys. When combined with a base metal like copper to form bronze, tin improves the pliable hardness and tensile strength, which are important for tools, machine parts, marine hardware, and many more. Tin is an additional component for the solder used to join metal parts for electronics and construction components.

Advances in metallurgical engineering appear to focus on solving problems associated with the use of both brass and tin in manufacturing environmentally resistant materials. For example, there has been the development of brass alloys with low zinc content that aim to reduce environmental pollution while meeting performance standards. Also, the study of tin-based alloys continues to provide advances in the development of lead-free solders, which are needed to meet the set requirements of sustainability and regulatory compliance during electronics manufacturing.

This dynamic inclusion of brass and tin in alloy engineering aims to meet the expectations of modern applications, illustrating how alloy engineering responds to contemporary issues.

Applications of Bronze Sheet Metal

Due to the unique combination of characteristics, such as being corrosion resistant, tough, and easy to machine, bronze sheet metal is considered useful in a number of industries. Some of the more popular uses of bronze sheet metal are highlighted below:

Marine Applications

• Bronze is ideal for marine environments due to its superior resistance to saltwater corrosion. This metal is used in the fabrication of ship parts, propeller blades and other underwater fittings, making it possible to maintain their reliable performance in highly corrosive environments.

Architectural and Decorative Uses

• Bronze sheet metal is widely used in architectural and interior design projects because it is aesthetically appealing and easily formed. Door hardware components, decorative panels, and even sculptures can all be created from bronze sheet metal. Furthermore, the bronze patina adds visually appealing characteristics as well.

Electrical Components

• Bronze sheet metal is easily used for electrical connectors, switch parts, and terminal strips due to the amazing electrical conductivity and tough nature of this metal. In highly demanding electrical uses, this metal provides reliability and long life.

Industrial Machinery

• With great resistance to wear, bronze becomes an indispensable metal for bushings, bearings, and parts of machines in industrial processes. Bronze helps these components withstand friction, thus reducing wear.

Musical Instruments

• Bronze sheet metal aids in the production of cymbals, bells, and other percussion instruments. Musicians prefer the material’s inherent acoustic quality that produces rich, deep sounds.

Automotive and Aerospace Applications

• Bronze sheet metal is suited to specific parts like thrust washers and gear components and structural fittings, with the more forgiving strength and fatigue resistance bronze offers in automotive and aerospace industry settings.

Plumbing Systems

• Bronze offered for valves and plumbing fixtures is appropriate because of its corrosion resistance and antimicrobial properties, helping maintain hygiene and durability in industrial and residential systems.

Tool and Die Manufacturing

• Workability and strength of bronze are useful attributes in the fabrication of molds, dies, and tooling setups, enabling controlled, repeatable manufacturing processes.

These sectors remain reliant on bronze sheet metal for their varying performance conditions and requirements, making it a critical material.

What are the Properties of Bronze that Aid in Fabrication?

Exploring Corrosion Resistance in Bronze

Due to its copper content, Bronze demonstrates great resistance against corrosion because copper forms a protective oxide layer that prevents oxidation when exposed to air or moisture. This layer not only prevents further oxidation but also protects the underlying material from degradation. Furthermore, the presence of tin also improves the resistance bronze exhibits against corrosion due to seawater and acidic conditions. These properties make bronze an ideal choice for applications needing long-term durability while operating under challenging environments with minimal maintenance.

Wear Resistance and Hardness of Bronze

The unique bronze alloy’s composition grants it exceptional resistance to abrasion. This is due to the addition of tin and elements such as aluminum and nickel, which increase the material’s hardness while keeping it ductile and tough. The aforementioned bronze alloy combination can endure high levels of friction without significant deformation or wear, making bronze alloys ideal in cases where there is an interaction of heavy loads and repeated mechanical workload, which is often the case ascribed to machines.

One such alloy that exemplifies this is silicon bronze, which is commonplace and has a Brinell hardness that depends on the specific composition and manufacturing process, ranging between 100 to 150 HB. Considering its ideal hardness for industry standards, its strong resistance to surface abrasion qualifies it for use in bearings, bushings, and gears where durability and low friction are paramount. Additionally, some bronze alloys have self-lubricating capabilities due to solid lubricants like graphite being embedded in them. This feature in high-friction bronze alloys increases wear resistance while decreasing maintenance requirements and, subsequently, increasing the service life of components.

The resistance to abrasion bronze has is valuable in marine engineering, aerospace, and machining industries, which together form the key components of the economy. The rapid pace of development in these fields requires a reliable and efficient means of operating machinery while severely exposing them to stress and friction. The importance of bronze in precision engineering applications is most clear in regard to its wear resistance and hardness standards, which help ensure reliability and performance when used in demanding conditions.

The Significance of Patina and Metal Plating

Patinas as well as metal plating serve the multifunctional purpose of protecting and enhancing the appeal of metals. Naturally or chemically, patinas are produced in the form of surface layers that cover metals like copper and bronze, protecting them from corrosion while looking aged and appealing. Such layers are capable of greatly reducing degradation from environmental exposure.

Alternatively, metal plating is when surfaces are applied with thin layers of nickel, chrome, or gold to improve the plating surface properties. Such techniques, aside from enhancing the visual appearance of the component, improve wear, corrosion, and even chemical exposure resistance. Both patina as well as plating serve vital functions in prolonging the lifespan and purpose of metal components in various industries such as architecture, manufacturing, and art.

What are the Uses for Bronze in Modern Fabrication?

Applications in Automotive and Bearing Industries

Bronze is a corrosion-resistant alloy made from copper and tin that undergoes significant utilization in the automotive and bearing industry due to its high durability and excellent frictional characteristics. Given below are some ways in which bronze is used:

Bushings and Bearings

• Bronze is widely adopted in manufacture of bushings and bearings because of their self lubricating properties under high loads. Oil impregnated bronze alloys are especially suitable for the use in heavy duty vehicles because their parts require low friction to move.

Gear Components

• Bronze gears are used in machines and vehicles which require powerful but silent performance. The alloy possesses high strength as well as great resistance to metal fatigue which breaks down the reliability of these components under continuous use.

Transmission Components

• Bronze is well known for its ability to resist deformity while being very easy to work with. Because of this, it is very often utilized in transmission systems. It aids greatly in performing motion transfers and decreases wear and tear in highly stressed environments.

Seats and Valve Guides

• The valve guides and seats of automotive engines are bronze because they can tolerate heat and corrosion while holding extremely tight tolerances. This improves the efficiency and reliability of engine components for longer use.

Parts of Marine and Off-road Vehicles

• Bronze pieces are used in the construction of marine vehicles and off-road equipment such as pumps and propellers because they have great resistance to saltwater corrosion. These components are critical since they are constantly subjected to damage or wear from harsh conditions.

Electric Motors’ Precision Bearings

• Bronze is key for precision bearings in electric motors, where its thermal conductivity and stability enhance the efficiency and reliability of the motor’s operation and life span.

Each of these examples shows the alloy’s adaptability as well as its significance to contemporary and traditional fabrication in the automotive industry and the bearing industry.

The Bronze Allows for Innovation in Metal Products

The usage of bronze has been crosscutting due to its unique properties and versatility. Even now, its usage is increasing due to developments in modern metallurgy that strive to optimize the performance of alloys. For example, the aerospace and defense industry heavily relies on bronze alloys with aluminum due to their strength, corrosion resistance, and ability to withstand extreme conditions. Recent studies show that contemporary aluminum-bronze grades now surpass conventional types in serving harsh environments, with tensile strength reaching up to 850 MPa – a recorded value that dwarfs previous types.

The addition of phosphorus and silicon into bronze alloys also made a notable impact in electromechanical and precision engineering whilst improving the wear resistance and conductivity of the metal. Such features are fundamental for fabricating long-lasting parts like switches, connectors, and sensors, especially in extreme conditions. Phosphor bronze is also widely used in making springs and bearings because of the excellent combination of fatigue resistance and high elasticity modulus.

With the integration of bronze into contemporary additive manufacturing methods, its design capabilities have been further enhanced. Industries can now utilize metal 3D printing and other methods to create lightweight, complex structures with desired properties while conserving material. This not only shrinks production expenses but also incorporates sustainable practices to meet the increasing market demand for green manufacturing. All in all, these changes highlight the importance of bronze in the development of metal products.

Exploring Decorative Bronze Products

Sculptures, architectural structures, vases, lighting designs, and mirrors are some of the items that make use of bronze products and they are structurally and decoratively enhanced. Bronze is prized by artists due to its low viscosity and high durability which helps in easy casting and manipulating. Its corrosion resistance makes it suitable for both interior and exterior applications, and its warm natural hues, along with the patina it acquires with time, add more charm to every piece. Such designs and features endow bionic sculptures, shields, decorative plates, and other public monuments with great artistic and aesthetic value.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: What is bronze, and how is it relevant in the field of metal fabrication?

A: Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin that is typically used in industrial and artistic purposes because of its ductile, durable, and corrosion resistant nature. It aids in the fabrication of components for shipbuilding, industrial machinery, and sculptures. Furthermore, bronze is widely used in metal fabrication for the coastal and marine industries due to its unrivaled strength in battling the corrosive saltwater.

Q: What are the different grades of bronze used in fabrication?

A: The different grades of bronze used in metal fabrication include: 1. Phosphor Bronze- low friction and very durable. 2. Aluminum Bronze- Weak against corrosion but very strong. 3. Silicon Bronze- Allows for good ductility, common in marine usage. 4. Manganese Bronze- Weak against corrosion but very strong. Each grade differs in terms of ductility, strength, machinability, and resistance to corrosion, making it easier to choose the right one depending on the project’s needs.

Q: What are the steps to develop bronze parts?

A: Fabrication techniques such as casting, forging, welding, and CNC machining are essential when developing bronze parts. A bronze alloy is melted down and then poured into a mold. For more refined shapes, CNC machining or die-casting techniques can also be utilized. Artisans also often mallet or hand sculpt bronze into decorative pieces in which sculptures can be made due to the ductility of bronze.

Q: Why is bronze sufficient for metal fabrication?

A: The case for bronze as the go to bronze alloy for metal fabrication is strengthened by multiple attributes like corrosion resistance, high durability, non magnetic properties, and low friction coefficient. In addition, bronze also provides aesthetic appeal in its architectural and artistic applications. Because of these provided properties, bronze can be used in multiple construction projects.

Q: What is the strength of bronze in comparison with other metals in fabrication?

A: When it comes to fabricating metalworks, the strength of bronze is certainly to its advantage. Bronze may not be as strong as steel, but it is very useful due to its strength and ductility. Compared to pure copper and other non-ferrous metals, bronze is stronger. The specific composition of the bronze alloy determines its strength. Stronger than pure copper are aluminum bronze and manganese bronze. Some bronze alloys are even stronger than mild steel. This added strength, in combination with the bronze’s great resistance to corrosion, makes this alloy the best selection for many industrial and marine applications that require both strength and durability in harsh environments.

Q: What are some common applications of fabricated bronze components?

A: The fabricated bronze components are used in several areas, such as 1. Marine fittings and hardware, as it is corrosion resistant. 2. Parts of industrial machinery, particularly bearings and bushings. 3. Architectural features like handrails, doorknobs, and other decorative fittings. 4. Sculptures and intricate bronze statues. 5. Musical instruments, specifically percussion instruments. 6. Electrical parts where non-magnetic features are required. 7. Components for hydraulic and pneumatic systems. 8. Ship and boat propellers. The composition of bronze makes it useful in many industries due to its advantageous properties.

Q: What measures do you put in place for quality assurance in bronze fabrication?

A: Some major steps must be followed to ensure quality in bronze fabrication: 1. Choosing a specific grade of bronze suitable for the purpose. 2. Proper melting and casting processes are used to reduce defects. 3. Advanced machining processes are utilized for proper sizing. 4. Performing frequent quality control, including the checking of the mixture, is undertaken. 5. Nondestructive examination is performed, such as ultrasonic or X-ray. 6. Where necessary, specific materials are subjected to heat treatment. 7. Industry guidelines and regulations are adhered to. 8. Competent artisans and modern fabrication tools are used. By using these measures, fabricators are able to maintain effective controls over bronze quality to ensure they produce parts that are quality-compliant and standards-compliant.

Reference Sources

1. Development and construction of high-temp resisted bronze composite with a 3D printed gate pattern designed through stir casting method

• By: Pritima David et al.
• Published in: Thermal Science and Engineering Progress
• Date of Publication: 21 June 2024
• Curation Identifier: (David et al., 2024)
• Brief Overview: This research attempts to construct bronze composites that are resistant to elevated temperatures. The authors enhance the stir casting process by incorporating a 3D printed gate pattern. The study demonstrated how 3D printing is able to form intricate geometries with enhanced mechanical properties, resulting in improved end products.

2. Fabrication of Bimetallic High Strength Low Alloy Steel/Si-Bronze Functionally Graded Materials through Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

• By: Marwan M. El-Husseiny et al.
• Published in: Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing
• Date of Publication: 1 August 2023
• Curation Identifier: (El-Husseiny et al., 2023)
• Brief Overview: This document describes the production of functionally graded materials (FGM) by the aid of wire arc additive manufacturing. The research focuses on the microstructural changes and mechanical properties of bimetallic composites involving high strength low alloy steel and Si-bronze. Notable results are the achievement of joined dissimilar materials devoid of intermetallic compounds with good ductility and shear strength.

3. Polyester fabrics reinforced with tungsten bronze nanorods and silane coupling agent for better thermal storage and washing durability

• Authors: Ye-eun Woo, K. Oh
• Journal: Fashion and Textiles
• Year of Publication: 2023
• Cite as: (Ye-Woo & Oh, 2023)
• Abstract: This study looks at adding tungsten bronze nanorods to polyester fabrics to improve their thermal storage and washing durability. The research uses a silane coupling agent to enhance the adhesion of the nanorods to the fabric. Results show considerable improvements in thermal properties and durability, indicating prospective uses in intelligent textiles.

4. An Experimental Study on Metal Parts Using Bronze/PLA Hybrid Filament Coupled With Fused Filament Fabrication on a 3D Printer with Variable Slicing and Sintering Angles

• Authors: X. Wei et al.
• Journal: Materials
• Published on: Aug 1, 2022
• Citation Token: (Wei et al., 2022)
• Summary: This study analyzes the impact of specific 3D printing and sintering angles on the characteristics of metal parts produced from a bronze/PLA hybrid filament. The investigation concludes that the orientation of printing processes bears quantitative effects on mechanical properties like tensile strength and porosity that process parameters must be regarded in additive manufacturing of metal components.

5. Fabrication of CuCr1 Chrome Bronze Conical Products Using Wire Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing

• Authors: A. Gusarova et al.
• Journal: Materials Science Forum
• Publication Date: January 11, 2022
• Citation Token: (Gusarova et al., 2022, pp. 24-30)
• Summary: This work deals with the fabrication via wire-feed electron beam additive manufacturing of products of a conical shape. The structure and properties of CuCr1 chrome bronze were studied, and it was determined that the manufacturing process has a considerable effect on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the final products.

6. Secondary recycling of phosphor bronze chips into a two-phase phosphor bronze/Al alloy via hot extrusion with microstructural and mechanical property evaluation

• Authors: M. Hosseini, M. H. Paydar
• Journal: International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy, and Materials
• Publication Date: June 1, 2020
• Citation Token: (Hosseini and Paydar, 2020, pp. 809–817)
• Summary: In this research, phosphor bronze chips were recycled to produce a two-phase material using hot extrusion. The microstructural and mechanical features of the obtained material were analyzed, confirming that recycling in bronze fabrication can be conducted and that material performance features can be improved.

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