Understanding the Exceptional Properties of PEEK Material

Among the most sophisticated and high-performance engineering thermoplastics available today is polyetheretherketone (PEEK). Its unique mechanical, thermal, and chemical characteristics make it preferred across numerous industries, including aerospace, automotive, healthcare, and electronics. This paper seeks to address everything from the remarkable strength-to-weight ratio and extreme temperature to the chemical durability that makes PEEK unique. Suppose you’re interested in employing PEEK irrespective of the stringent requirements of the application or looking to gain a better understanding of its capabilities. In that case, this innovation in material science greatly enhances the understanding of why it is profound.

What is PEEK, and Why is it Important?

Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is a high-performance polymer with unique improvements in strength, thermal stability, and chemical stability. It’s weight-efficient and extremely tough which is useful for some of the harshest settings. PEEK is capable of enduring high temperatures, anti-abrasive actions, anti-corrosive actions, and mechanical straining without altering its shape. Because of these, it is invaluable to many sectors, such as aerospace, automobile, and healthcare, where high reliability and performance are required. PEEK has found its place as the most preferred material in modern engineering applications owing to the versatility of its unmatched characteristics.

Exploring PEEK Material Composition

PEEK (Polyetheretherketone) belongs to the exotic class of thermoplastics that are considered extremely advanced and have excellent mechanical and chemical properties. PEEK is composed of aromatic skeletons with ether and ester functional groups. This composition provides a diverse range of PEEK to have excellent thermal stability with the ability to resist continuous use at temperatures up to 260°C (500°F). Furthermore, PEEK is very difficult to break down chemically, thus it can withstand strong acids, bases, and even some organic solvents.

Mechanically, some grades of PEEK possess a flexural modulus of ~3.6 GPa and an approximate tensile strength of 90 to 100 MPa PEEK also displays a low friction coefficient and has excellent resistance to wear and tear, making it very useful in harsh environments with very high mechanical or abrasive conditions. PEEK can also be fused with certain fibers, such as glass or carbon, to increase their strength and stiffness, making it applicable in more fields.

Another important attribute of PEEK is its compatibility with biological tissues which makes it useful in the medicine and health sector, PEEK’s composition is also capable of passing associated regulatory compliance and safety measures. One can use it for critical application environments. The unique combination of PEEK’s exceptional thermal, mechanical, and chemical attributes makes it an ideal material needed for advanced engineering and technological progress.

Applications: Where PEEK Material is Used

Aerospace Industry

• PEEK is applied extensively in the aerospace industry because of its strength-to-weight ratio/weight and strength ratio, extremely high-temperature resistance, and lightweight. It is used in parts such as bearings, seals, insulators, and other parts of the structure. These factors aid fuel efficiency alongside enhanced robustness in the designs of the aerospace parts.

Automotive Industry

• The automotive industry uses PEEK in under-the-hood components such as gears, bushings, and other parts because of its lightweight and superior mechanical properties. Research has shown that altering metal components of em vehicles to PEEK can bring about a 50% decrease in vehicle weight thus enhancing fuel consumption.

Medical and Healthcare Applications

• PEEK has proved to be one of the top materials for dental and surgical implants, instruments, and devices due to its compatibility with the human body and resilience to sterilization procedures. It has applications in spinal implants, custom-made prosthetics, and cranial implants. In addition, because of its compatibility with MRI, it has a greater working importance in top-notch medical technological applications.

Electronics and Semiconductor Industry

• PEEK’s application in connectors, sockets, and wafer carriers is due to its excellent electrical insulating strength, and lightweight. Its resistance to corrosion allows it to withstand the cleanroom stricture essential to the semiconductor manufacturing process.

Oil and Gas Industry

• In the oil and gas sector, PEEK is used in harsh applications such as seals, valves, and compressor rings. This polymer can endure extreme pressures, and low and high temperatures, as well as corrosive fluid and chemicals, making it ideal for rugged working environments.

Industrial Applications

• Industrial components such as pumps, sliding bearings, and gears can be made of PEEK because of its durability. This durability extends to resistance to wear and abrasions, increasing efficiency and reducing maintenance and operational costs.

3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing

• Owing to its superior thermal and mechanical strength, PEEK is a new entrant in additive manufacturing. It can be used to fabricate intricate works for prototypes and equipment that need to perform above standard, especially in industries that demand advanced materials.

Research from numerous case studies proves that PEEK provides sustainable long-term solutions for industries, ultimately lessening costly maintenance. Its utilization is steadily increasing, and so is the worldwide demand, which is expected to increase at a compound annual growth rate of 6.3% during the next decade.

History and Development of Polyetheretherketone

The term polyether ether ketone originated from ICI Plc (International Chemical Industries) in 1978 in London, UK. Owing to its unique thermal and mechanical attributes, it was immediately breast-fed into high-end uses. In more recent years, the advancement of polymer chemistry and the improvement of processing methods have also complemented the characteristics of PEEK. This allows it to be the material of choice in economically critical industries like aerospace, medical, and automotive. Its adaptability and dependability stimulate its development and growing application in contemporary engineering.

What are the Key Mechanical Properties of PEEK?

Understanding PEEK’s Mechanical Strength

PEEK (Polyetheretherketone) has a high mechanical strength which makes it one of the most preferred thermoplastic materials for sophisticated engineering purposes. It possesses a tensile strength of 90 to 100 MPa that guarantees resistance to deformation when put under stress. PEEK has also a high elasticity modulus that is often 3.6 GPa which facilitates the retention of stiffness during extreme conditions.

Another unique attribute of PEEK is its excellent fatigue resistance, which saves it from various cyclic loading conditions experienced in aerospace components or automotive parts. its compressive strength of 118 to 140 MPa makes it suitable for use in applications where strength and endurance are necessary and is expected to experience heavy load.

It also works efficiently at high temperatures with a glass transition temperature of almost 143 Degrees Celcius and a melting point of 343 Degrees Celcius. This means that PEEK can be used in conditions where other polymers fail without losing their mechanical properties. All these qualities make PEEK a very dependable and reliable material for industries that need strength as well as beatability.

Importance of Fatigue Resistance in PEEK

The ability to endure fatigue is highly important in PEEK since it allows the material to endure constant applied mechanical stress over a period of time without failure, PEEK has high toughness that makes it an ideal choice for aerospace, automotive, and medical industries where components are routinely exposed to cyclic loads. PEEKs possess remarkable fatigue endurance, permitting the material to remain fully intact and operational without extensive wearable damages or fractures over prolonged periods, reducing the risk for usage in high-strain cases.

How PEEK Offers Exceptional Wear Resistance

For high-performance applications, PEEK (Polyether Ether Ketone) is the most preferred material, and this is attributed to its excellent wear resistance. It has strong aromatic bonds along with a semi-crystalline molecular structure, which enables PEEK to withstand friction and material degradation over time. In addition, PEEK holds a low coefficient of friction against a wide range of contact materials, which further minimizes wear.

Recent ultra-modern focused assessments have proven PEEK to be more effective for many tribological applications in comparison to many conventional materials, even metals or other polymers. For instance, when PEEK composites are reinforced with carbon or glass fibers and solid sliding bearing tests are conducted, the wear rates are astonishingly as low as 10^-6 mm^3/N·m. These exceptional figures highlight its durability, strength, and low friction performance, making SUMIT™ grade PEEK composite materials ideal for bearings, seals, and gears.

Furthermore, PEEK’s durability is long-lasting, independent of the operating conditions or exposure to highly aggressive chemicals and high temperatures. Such remarkable stability in the material supports use in oil & gas where components undergo abrasive media, or in medical implants where consistent reliable material is paramount. These features give PEEK an edge for applications that require low maintenance and high durability.

How Does PEEK Polymer Perform in High-Temperature Environments?

Exploring PEEK’s Thermal Properties

PEEK polymer performs exceptionally well within high-temperature conditions owing to its glass transition and melting temperatures – both of which are high for PEEK. Its glass temperature is at approximately 289F, whereas its transition point is at 649F. Because of such properties, PEEK polymer is capable of withstanding both high mechanical stress and temperature conditions without suffering dimensional changes during long-term exposure. Such qualities allow PEEK to be used in the aerospace, automotive, and industrial realms without fear of consistent thermal deterioration. Most importantly, boom and bust thermal conditions such as cyclic heating and cooling do not alter the tensile strength and stiffness of PEEK, making it favorable for the most extreme thermal environments.

Operating Temperature Range for PEEK Material

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has unparalleled thermal stability which allows PEEK to operate efficiently within a wide temperature range. This material is capable of sustained use at temperatures between -50 °C and 250 °C without any deterioration of the mechanical or chemical properties of the material. Depending on the grade and environment of the application, it can also tolerate short-lived exposure to higher temperatures around 300 °C.

Due to its ability to withstand extremely high and low temperatures, PEEK is perfectly suited for aerospace, where high temperatures are common, as well as the oil and gas industry, which usually operates in below-subzero temperatures. Also, reinforced grades of PEEK and other custom formulations may increase or alter the operating range for better use in specific conditions. These properties allow PEEK to perform best in harsh thermal and mechanical environments.

Advantages of Using High Temp PEEK in Tough Conditions

High Thermal Stability

• High-Temperature PEEK’s capability to operate constantly at a temperature of 250°C (482°F) makes it perfect for uses involving long exposure to such high temperatures. Such stability guarantees little to no degradation in mechanical properties under severe thermal stress.

Exceptional Chemical Resistance

• PEEK offers exceptional performance in hostile situations common in the chemical processing, as well as oil and gas industries. It provides reliable performance against a broad spectrum of chemicals like acids, alkalis, and hydrocarbons and survives the most destructive of environments.

Superior Mechanical Strength

• PEEK has terrific stiffness and tensile strength even under high-temperature conditions. For instance, unfilled PEEK grades have tensile strengths exceeding 90 MPa, while reinforced grades can reach over 150 MPa, providing excellent durability under mechanical loads.

Wear and Abrasion Resistance

• PEEK parts are especially suited to withstand dynamic conditions like bearings and gears due to their low friction coefficients and high abrasion resistance. Tests show that reinforced PEEK can tolerate long cycles of motion while remaining undamaged.

Lightweight Alternative to Metals

• PEEK is a satisfying alternative to older metals such as aluminum or steel due to its wonderful lightweight properties. Being 70% lighter than steel means it is largely used in aerospace and automotive industries to increase fuel efficiency without changing the structural performance.
• The PEEK family of polymers excels in a range of attributes, resulting in wide applications throughout several industries.

Dimensional Accuracy

• Furthermore, PEEK possesses a low thermal expansion coefficient. This lowers the dilation of components that are subjected to drastic temperature changes, increasing precision engineering and tolerances. This specific property also aids in the performance of PEEK within its aerospace applications, such as parts for the engine.

Radiation and Steam Hydrolysis Resistance

• Additionally, PEEK retains its composition and physical attributes after direct contact with gamma radiation, as well as continuous exposure to UV light, and steam or high-temperature water. Such attributes make PEEK polymers ideal candidates for employment in the areas of medicine, marine, and nuclear fields. For instance, its use in an autoclave and the ability of PEEK to survive multiple cycles of steam sterilization cycles without succumbing to hydrolysis allows it to remarkably shine.

Excellent Electrical Insulation Properties

• Last but not least, High Temp PEEK can also be employed within electronics and electrical systems in more extreme environments. Its use for insulation purposes in high-frequency environments coupled with impressive dielectric strength provides the last feather in this remarkable materials cap.

With these combined benefits, PEEK will always remain a superior material when compared to other materials that need to meet high thermal, mechanical, and chemical requirements.

What Makes PEEK a Thermoplastic of Choice?

The Chemical Resistance of PEEK

PEEK maintains chemical stability when exposed to a range of hostile chemicals, including acids, bases, and organic solvents. Its exceptional chemical stability withstands continuous aggressive environments such as hydrocarbons, saline solutions, and oxidizing agents. The resistance further extends to elevated temperatures where even prolonged chemical exposure does not affect PEEK’s mechanical strength. These properties make PEEK exceptionally suitable for engineering plastic applications in chemical processing, oil and gas, and other industries where high-performance materials are required.

Structural Integrity and Dimensional Stability

PEEK does, indeed, have superior structural strength and structural accuracy even in extreme temperatures and other conditions. PEEK’s mechanical properties are also excellent, with a tensile strength of 170 MPa and a modulus of elasticity between 3.6 – 4.0 GPa. Because of these attributes, PEEK structures can handle great mechanical stresses, retain their shape, and do not deform even when subjected to mechanical structures over long periods.

Moreover, PEEK has a very low thermal expansion, exhibiting a CLTE approximately at 47 x 10^-6/°C. Such low CLTE guarantees minor dimensional alterations with increasing temperatures, and PEEK makes an excellent choice for applications that involve a lot of precision, such as aerospace, automotive, and medical devices. In addition, PEEK does not lose its structural properties in environments greater than 250 °C, which provides reliability in sensitive applications.

Given its excellent resistance to creep and manipulative strain and its mechanical stability under cyclic loading, PEEK is frequently used in structures that demand high precision and have to endure long periods of mechanical performance. These features also highlight PEEK’s preeminence in other applications where structural integrity is critical.

Processing PEEK Material for Industrial Applications

For industrial use, processing PEEK material has to meet some standards to guarantee performance and reliability. The most widely used method for PEEK processing is injection molding, which is the most productive. Its melting temperatures range between 350°C and 400°C, one of the process requirements for PEEK. Proper mold design, including the temperature of the molds, prevents the details of the finished product from being out of the required dimensions; I also think electroforming should be done. Molding is also widely used for making profiles, tubes, and films. Some methods of post-processing of PEEK, as I might add, which enhances the mechanical properties of residual stress better, include annealing, which decreases residual stress. To maximize PEEK’s mechanical and thermal properties, extrusion is a possibly better option than electroforming.

How Does PEEK Material Compare to Other Polymers?

Comparing PEEK vs Other Engineering Plastics

Among engineering plastics, PEEK’s superiority is evident because of the combination of thermal, mechanical, and chemical resistance properties. Unlike other polymers like polycarbonate (PC) or nylon, PEEK is remarkably strong and possesses moderate strength and stiffness even under harsh temperatures of 250ºC. Consequently, it can be used in some of the toughest environments. PEEK’s resistance to wear and harsh chemicals that could otherwise destroy materials like acetal or PET plastic makes it even more durable. While PEEK is more expensive than others, the value it provides in extreme environments such as the aerospace, automotive, and medical industries outweighs the price by a significant margin. Top performance is expected from PEEK and that is why it is the much-preferred choice in all places where reliability is of utmost importance.

Why PEEK Material is Considered a High-Performance Option

The increase in the use of PEEK (Polyether ether ketone) in modern technologies can be attributed to its very appealing features that make PEEK categorized as high-performance materials. Ever since its introduction, it has gained unchallenged popularity in its application area. From the engineering perspective, PEEK possesses formidable mechanical properties, exhibiting tensile strength in excess of 90 MPa, enabling it to bear heavy loads without altering its form. Also, it can continuously work at elevated temperatures of 250 degrees centigrade. Its melting point, which hovers around 343 degrees centigrade, also means that it can operate in abrasive environments.

One of the most positive concepts that can be attributed to PEEK is its excellent Chemical resistance. In dealing with corrosive materials such as strong acids, alkalis, and organic solvents, PEEK remains inert. This is crucial for parts manufacturing in oil and gas as well as chemical processing industries. Moreover, due to its low friction and high wear resistance, PEEK is widely used for bearing and sealing components. It has successfully undergone over 1,000,000 cycles of fatigue testing unscathed.

This means that biocompatibility has profoundly improved its acceptance in medicine, such as surgical instruments or implants. In addition, PEEK is one of the very few materials that can undergo certain sterilization techniques like autoclaving and gamma radiation. Its structure remains fully intact throughout the process. Specialized types of PEEK, including carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK, are even more rigid and strong and can withstand flexural stresses of up to 300 MPa.

Although more expensive than standard engineering polymers, the life-cycle savings achieved through reduced maintenance, high availability, and long-term operational use make the PEEK advantages worth it. All of these reasons point to PEEK being the superior material for applications where its failure could have catastrophic consequences.

Exploring the Unique Structure of PEEK

Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is considered one of the most promising thermoplastic polymers. This is due to its semi-crystalline structure alongside its superior strength and thermal features. The reason behind this phenomenal strength is its structure, which consists of an aromatic backbone chain linked by ether and ketone groups. With that in mind, PEEK contains amorphous regions that allow for flexibility and impact resistance. Within PEEK, semi-crystalline regions enable a balance between toughness and rigidity. This enables PEEK to be applied to demanding applications while being durable.

Among the many beneficial properties of PEEK, Its glass transition temperature (Tg) is one of the most captivating. PEEK’s Tg is approximated at 143° C (289.4° F), while its melting point is around 343° C (649.4° F). Having these high sites ensures the dimensional stability of PEEK in high-temperature settings. PEEK is otherwise known to be the highest-performing polymer in terms of thermal resistance. The structure and PEEK’s inherent crystallinity can easily be altered via processing parameters, allowing manufacturers to tailor its necessary mechanical and thermal properties.

PEEK scored top marks for its chemical resistance making it ideal for use in the most aggressive compounds being used in oil and gas, aerospace, and industrial processing. The molecular structure which contributes to its outstanding chemical resistance causes it to be virtually unaffected by most organic and inorganic chemicals such as acids, bases as well as hydrocarbons enabling its wide range of applications.

The mechanical properties of PEEK are at times enhanced by the inclusion of carbon or glass fiber reinforcements. Take carbon-fiber-reinforced PEEK, for example, it boasts tensile strength values over 200 MPa, in addition to greater dimensional stability and lesser thermal expansion. Such materials are heavily used in the construction of parts that are light in weight, yet endure high loads.

Moreover, the molecular structure of PEEK permits it to absorb moisture even at elevated temperatures and humidity levels, as well as below water level, making the material versatile and useful for general marine purposes. Its low water absorption in combination with high resistance to creep ensures dependable performance under long-term mechanical stress.

Such factors have made it possible for PEEK to be an essential material for use in many fields of work owing to the ease of engineers to design and create with the utmost durability and performance.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: Apart from its superior elastic strength, what are some other notable properties associated with PEEK materials?

A: The features of materials such as PEEK, short for polyether ether ketone, are exceptional mechanical strength, resistance to extreme temperatures, resistance to chemicals, and low moisture absorbent. Additionally, it possesses good electrical properties and thermal transfer, and thus, it can be used in an endless number of industry sectors.

Q: Are there shops I can buy PEEK materials from on the internet?

A: A range of suppliers for PEEK materials can be found on the internet starting from general industrial providers to distributors that deal specifically with plastics. A lot of businesses stock a variety of forms of PEEK such as rods, sheets, or even molded into components of specific shapes to fit various grades of PEEK.

Q: How many varieties of PEEK are there?

A: Standard grades of PEEK include glass fiber-reinforced PEEK, carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK, and unfilled PEEK. In terms of each grade, the features of the material such as enhanced strength, improved stiffness, and wear-resistant are included in order to increase the potential scope of application for the final product.

Q: What can one ascertain about Polyether Ether Ketone, better known as PEEK?

A: Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) is a thermoplastic polymer with a very high performance rating, especially when it comes to its mechanical, thermal, and chemical-resistant properties. PAEK (polyaryletherketones), is one of the most common types that is used in industrial, aerospace, and medical settings due to its performance in extremely demanding environments.

Q: What are the various methods of shaping PEEK?

A: PEEK can be shaped through a number of different methods such as injection, compression, and extrusion molding. Because of the high melting point of PEEK, specific equipment and personnel training are mandatory. In addition, PEW must be dried completely prior to processing and the mold should be designed properly in order to achieve the desired quality of the finished plastic parts.

Q: What are PEEK’s electrical characteristics?

A: PEEK possesses significant electrical characteristics that involve high dielectric strength and volume resistivity. In addition, due to the range of temperatures and frequencies, it is extremely suitable for electrical insulation for use in harsh environments conditions.

 Q: How does PEEK measure up with respect to friction and wear?

A: PEEK possesses notable sliding properties, which contribute to the reduction of friction and wear. In addition, PEEK is self-lubricating and highly resistant to abrasion, which makes it a good choice for parts that require mobility. In fact, using PEEK in components like bearings and gears will likely improve performance efficiency as well as increase the lifespan of the device.

Q: What temperature range does PEEK operate in?

A: PEEK can be used across a broad range of temperatures ranging from −65 to 250 °C (−85 to 482 °F). It possesses high mechanical strength even under high temperatures which allows it to retain its mechanical properties. This superior temperature performance allows PEEK to operate under severe conditions that would permanently damage other plastics.

Q: How does PEEK’s chemical durability measure against other plastics?

A: PEEK is known to have one of the highest chemistries among plastics. It provides tremendous resistance to a multitude of chemicals, from hydrocarbons to acids and bases. This makes PEEK ideal in situations where it is under attack from chemicals or when placed in corrosive surroundings.

Q: What are the benefits of PEEK’s low moisture uptake?

A: PEEK’s low moisture absorption ability leads to superior dimensional stability and mechanical property retention under various humidity conditions. This quality proves useful in precision applications like aerospace components or medical implants. PEEK’s electrical and mechanical properties also stand the test of time due to the low moisture uptake rate.

Reference Sources

1. Influence of Thermal Processing Conditions on Mechanical and Material Properties of 3D Printed Thin-Structures Using PEEK Material (Qu et al., 2022, pp. 689–699)

• Key Findings:
• Incorporating fill materials like carbon nanotubes (CNT) and copper particles did not substantially impact the tensile strength of PEEK as compared to pure PEEK matrices.
• Increased printing temperature resulted in lower surface roughness and, on occasion, greater ductility.
• The thermal conductivity might be enhanced by the inclusion of CNTs.
• Methodology:
• To achieve high thermomechanical properties and thermal conductivity, PEEK was synthesized with small doses of CNT (6wt%) and copper particles (10wt%).
• The composites were made with the aid of an industrial integrated compounder and filament maker for a MEX (material extrusion)-based 3D printer.
• The cord thickness, filler composition proportion, and MEX printing temperature of the PEEK composites were determined by the duplex tensile, X-ray fracture imaging, surface roughness, and thermal analysis.

2. Impact of 3D printing thermal treatment conditions on PEEK material’s mechanical properties and crystallinity (Yang et al., 2017, pp. 1-7) 

• Key Findings: 
• The surface of medical PEEK material was modified to improve its hydrophobicity using different additions like Type I collagen, osteoinductive fluid, and active enzymes which worked as adsorbent-active cross-linking agents.
• The modified material surface was easier to activate due to the multi-constituent elements and gradient pore structure which resembled the original bone as this structure produced cell adsorption, and subsequently enhanced cell growth and differentiation.
• Methodology: 
• Medical PEEK was modified by incorporation of multi-doped nano-hydroxyapatite and calcium carbonate whiskers to improve the match of mechanical properties to the original bone compositions.
• The microcellular foam process was applied to achieve the hierarchical porous functionally graded structure.
• The compressive mechanical properties were determined by the hierarchical porous bioactivity PEEK gradient materials.

3. Modeling The Behavior Of Composite Carbon/PEEK Automotive Driveshafts With/Without An Inner Isotropic Layer At Elevated Temperature Using Temperature-Dependent Material Properties (Hastie et al., 2022, pp. 1406-1415) 

• Key Findings: 
• At high temperatures, the design requirements were met at the expense of great weight saving, but the carbon/PEEK shaft was considerably sensitive to temperature.
• The combination of an aluminum tube as a base and carbon/PEEK layers wrapped around it as a hybrid shaft provided lower material failure safety factors but superior buckling resistance and overall critical speed.
• Methodology:
• Finite element modeling allowed for the evaluation of the material and buckling failures of torsion active carbon/PEEK driveshafts at elevated temperatures.
• Temperature-dependent material properties of carbon/PEEK unidirectional driveshafts which had an inner layer of aluminum or absent reinforced plastic were taken into account.

4. An improvement of simultaneously processing characteristics and material properties through additive manufacturing of PEEK/IF-WS2 nanocomposites (Golbang et al., 2020)

• Key Findings:
• The material properties and processing characteristics of the composite were improved as a result of nanoparticle IF-WS2 incorporation.
• After the friction test, the PEEK-IF-WS2 nanocomposite showed little wear and an average friction coefficient of ~0.06 which reflects good biotriblogical performance.
• Able to take advantage of hydrogen bond reversibility, the PEEK-IF-WS2 nanocomposite was able to spontaneously repair scratches made by a blade at room temperature.
• Methodology:
• PEEK was reinforced with IF-WS2 for the fabrication of the PEEK-IF-WS2 nanocomposite.
• Frictional and wear behavior of the PEEK-IF-WS2 nanocomposite was evaluated for different lubricants: Simulated body fluid (SBF), Calf serum (CS), Hyaluronic acid (HA), Mucin (MUC).

5. Nanocomposite PEEK materials for oral use: Changes in mechanical and adhesion characteristics of PEEK  (Luo et al., 2023) 

• Key Findings: 
• 3D Printing PEEK shows great flexural and tensile strength in comparison to traditional CAD/CAM milling and pressed methods because printed PEEK is superior in tension, and also printing parameters such as temperature and speed benefit its mechanical properties.
• The bond strength of PEEK can be enhanced with sandblasting, acid etching, plasma treatment, laser treatment, and adhesive systems due to functional group introduction on the PEEK surface or roughening out the surface.
• Methodology: 
• This review paper analyzes the research advancement concerning the mechanical and adhesive characteristics of PEEK in dental applications, with particular emphasis on the targeted applications, their composites, and their preparation processes.

6. Plastic

7. Thermoplastic

8. Leading CNC Machining PEEK Services Provider in China